shenton's line

Shenton's line -imaginary semi-circular line joining medial cortex of the femoral neck to lower border of superior pubic ramus.

peroxisome deficiency

4 common disorders results from Peroxisome deficiency:

1. Zellweger (cerebrohepatorenal) syndrome
2. Neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy
3. Infantile Refsum disease
4. Hyperpipecolatemia

TTP vs HUS

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura sixtet:

1. fever
2. thrombocytopenia
3. microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MAHA)
4. transient neurological deficits (seizures,hemiparesis, decrease consciousness,decrease vision)
5. proteinuria/hematuria
6. renal failure

hemolytic uremic anemia

MAHA + thrombocytopenia + dominant renal failure

NO neurological symptoms

often occur in childhood ( TTP mostly occurs in adult women)

triggers in HUS ---- verotoxin by E.coli O157 ( TTP has not been identified)

mnemonics

risk factor for atherosclerosis: atheroma
A -arterial hypertension
T -tobacco
H -Heredity ( familial hypercholesterolemia)
E -Endocrine (DM,postmenopausal estrogen deficiency, and hypothyroidism)
R -Reduced physical activity
O -Obesity
M -Male gender
A -Age

risk factors for IHD : has lipids
H - hereditary
A - Age
S - Sex (male)
L - lipidemia
I - increased weight (obesity)
P - pressure (arterial)
I - Inactivity (sedentary lifestyle)
D - DM
S- smoking

complications of MI : appearance
A- arrthythmia
P- pump failure
P- pericarditis
E- extension of the infarct
A- asystole (heart block of ventricular fibrillation)
R- Rupture (free wall of the ventricle,septum,or papillary muscle)
A- Aneurysms of the ventricle
N- nervousness( fear of reinfarction)
C- Coagulation problems (mural thrombosis)
E- Emboli

FAS

Fetal alcohol syndrome.

clinical features- facial dysmorphology,growth retardation,mental deficiency/emotional instability.

anatomic findings-microcephaly,epicanthal folds,short palpebral fissure,maxillary hypoplasia,thin upper lips,micrognathia,poorly developed philtrum,septal defects of heart.

IQ below 85

short memory spans,impulsiveness,emotional instability.







(pic from wikipedia.)

Folic Acid

Folic acid have been shown to reduce the incidence of neural tube defects by lowering plasma levels of homocysteine.
Homocysteine is a teratogen for CNS and heart.
women with reduced activity of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase exhibit elevated levels of homocystein and are at risk for bearing children with neural tube and other birth defects.

false positive syphilis in SLE

why do patients with SLE have positive VDRL and RPR tests for syphilis?

40-50% SLE patients have anti-phospholipid antibodies,which often reach with cardiolipin antigen used as reagent in serologic test for syphilis. the cross-reactivity cause false positive syphilis test in SLE patients.